International Research and Academic scholar society

IRASS Journal of Economics and Business Management

Issue-5(May), Volume-3 2026

1. ENHANCING POLICE LEGITIMACY AND COMMUNITY TRUST IN SOUTH AFRICA: A SYS...
4

Dr. John Motsamai Modise*
Tshwane University of Technology
1-13
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19968423

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing police legitimacy and public trust in the South African Police Service (SAPS), and to explore how these factors affect the effectiveness of policing and crime prevention. The study aims to provide evidencebased recommendations to strengthen police-community relations and improve policing outcomes in South Africa. Despite the transition to democratic policing since 1994, SAPS continues to face a significant legitimacy crisis characterized by low public trust, high levels of crime, and persistent institutional challenges such as corruption, inefficiency, and weak accountability. This trust deficit undermines public cooperation, reduces crime reporting, and limits the overall effectiveness of policing. The study adopts a systematic literature review methodology, drawing on both South African and international sources. It integrates theoretical frameworks such as procedural justice, legitimacy theory, and community policing to analyze existing research, policy documents, and empirical studies. This approach enables a comprehensive and critical understanding of the relationship between police practices, public perceptions, and policing effectiveness. The study finds that public trust in SAPS remains low due to corruption, misconduct, and operational inefficiencies. Community policing initiatives, while valuable, are insufficient without broader structural reforms. Procedural justice characterized by fairness, respect, and transparency emerges as a key determinant of public cooperation. Additionally, visible policing strategies such as foot patrols improve community perceptions of safety, while international evidence highlights the importance of data-driven and intelligence-led policing approaches. The study concludes that restoring police legitimacy in South Africa requires a holistic and integrated approach that combines ethical leadership, strengthened accountability systems, community engagement, and technological innovation. Addressing the underlying structural challenges is essential for rebuilding public trust, enhancing policing effectiveness, and promoting safer, more secure communities.

2. SECURITY MANAGEMENT ACROSS MULTI-CAMPUS PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES: PROFESSI...
0

Kingsley Kumi Yeboah*, Ivy Mar...
Presbyterian University, Ghana. P. O. Box 59. Abetifi Kwahu
14-19
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20047805

Security management in multi-campus private universities presents unique challenges due to decentralised operations, campus diversification, and the need to balance safety with academic freedom. This paper explores professionalism, policy gaps, and governance implications in security management at Presbyterian University, Ghana (PUG), a multi-campus private institution. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected through document analysis, semi-structured interviews with campus security staff and administrators, and literature review. Findings reveal significant gaps in formal security policies, inconsistent professional practices, and governance ambiguities across campuses, which undermine security operations and risk management effectiveness. The study recommends standardised security policies, professional training systems, integrated governance structures, and stakeholder engagement mechanisms. These findings have practical implications for administrators, policymakers, and security practitioners in Ghanaian private higher education and similar contexts.

3. Transforming the Pastoral Livestock Economy for Viability, Competitive...
5

Ekiru Francis Anno*
Unicaf University (UUM), School of Doctoral Studies, Lilongwe, Malawi
20-28
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20155156

The transformation of pastoral livestock farming systems is a policy focus for national and county governments in Kenya, intended to enhance the economy of livestockdependent regions, where significant portions of the population continue to experience severe food, income, and nutritional insecurity. This study, focusing on Turkana County, aimed to (i) delineate livestock production and marketing systems; (ii) compare Turkana's livestock production and marketing with other arid regions in the Horn of Africa; (iii) evaluate the impact of market and non-market factors on livestock production and trade in dryland areas; and (iv) propose a strategic framework to enhance the viability, competitiveness, and sustainability of livestock sector initiatives in pastoral and dryland regions. Exploratory and descriptive study designs were utilised, including a mixed-methods approach to examine the transformational aspects of pastoral economy and industry. The study was conducted in Loima, Turkana East, and Turkana North sub-counties of Turkana, with 210 study participants selected statistically from 12 livestock-producing zones and markets. The study demonstrated the importance of the adverse impacts of social, economic, political, environmental, technological, and ethical factors on livestock production and marketing in arid regions. The failure of livestock herders, traders, and development partners to effectively mitigate these effects results in the stagnation of livestock development opportunities. To sustainably address the intrinsic impacts of these market and non-market factors, the study advocates for the enhancement of breeds and genetics, the adoption of efficient and sustainable market-orientated livestock farming systems, the facilitation of local traders' access to capital for business financing to augment livestock trade volumes, and the improvement of logistics and market infrastructure, all supported by technology. Strengthened relationships between local and external markets, traders, and herders; augmented governmental and civil society financial allocations for the livestock sector, including the enhancement of accountability processes; tackling supply and demand-related risks through robust and effective mitigation strategies; and formulation of a livestock policy that supports drylands livestock and economic development to sustain the benefits from remedial investments improve livestock sector performance. The study delineates regional patterns in pastoral livestock farming, the resilience of livestock keepers and traders, market accessibility, development methods, and banking solutions for dry regions as areas for future research.





Submit Manuscript